The Minutemen and Anti-immigration Attitudes in California

This paper examines the role of the Minutemen in building up popular pressure for immigration reform and capturing the growing frustration of some of residents at the way the Bush administration is handling immigration in a context of heightened fear about national security. The immigration issue in California had quieted down after anti-immigration proposition 187 was passed –yet never enacted- in 1994. Pete Wilson had unsuccessfully used this divisive issue to win presidential nomination, alienating minority voters in the State and therefore undermining the strength of the Republican party. Despite an apparent growing tolerance about diversity and good economic times, the issue came back to California both through the deterioration of the situation at the border and through the national debate over immigration reform in the mid-2000s. Based on field work at the California-Mexican border, the author gives a portrait of the Minutemen, explaining their motivations, hopes, fears and action which help understand the perceptions and strategies of congressmen and legislators and the fascinating radicalization of their positions on immigration over the past two years

Géopolitique du cyberespace : La cyberstratégie de l’administration Obama

Le développement exponentiel de l’Internet a engendré de belles crispations territoriales, avec une prolifération des conflits entre une multitude d’acteurs – au premier rang desquels les États‑Unis –, à propos de son contrôle et de sa régulation, son utilisation dans les conflits géopolitiques (guerre économique, combats militaires, renseignement, politique d’influence diplomatique et culturelle) et du le respect des libertés individuelles. Cet article montre comment l’analyse géopolitique permet d’analyser les enjeux et les stratégies développées par les États pour renforcer leur contrôle et leur puissance dans le cyberespace. Il examine l’escalade des discours et des moyens qui caractérisent l’approche de l’administration Obama, dont la cyberstratégie sera l’un des héritages les plus marquants en matière de politique extérieure.The exponential growth of the Internet has generated a proliferation of conflicts between multiple stakeholders —most notably the United States — about its control and regulations, its use in geopolitical conflicts (military and economic warfare, intelligence and soft power), and the respect of civil liberties. This paper shows how the geopolitical approach can help analyze the issues raised and strategies developed by States to reinforce their control and power in cyberspace. The Obama administration’s approach to cyberstrategy has been characterized by an escalation of means and discourses. It should constitute a significant legacy of President Obama in foreign affairs

Mapping the spread of Russian and Chinese contents on the French-speaking African web

Russia and China have developed informational influence strategies over the past decade and are now deploying their vectors on the African continent. Both Moscow and Beijing have implanted their international media in Africa in order to broadcast positive speeches about their presence and activities in the continent. In addition, the informational content of these two States is rebroadcasted by online African relays, allowing for an increasing spread of the messages and representations conveyed by China and Russia through their media. How effective is the informational influence of these two countries on the African continent and how to map its vectors and relays? This study proposes a methodology to identify web actors who spread Chinese and Russian content, as well as an analysis of the public opinion influencing strategies led by these States for African audiences

Artificial Intelligence and International Conflict in Cyberspace

This edited volume explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming international conflict in cyberspace. Over the past three decades, cyberspace developed into a crucial frontier and issue of international conflict. However, scholarly work on the relationship between AI and conflict in cyberspace has been produced along somewhat rigid disciplinary boundaries and an even more rigid sociotechnical divide – wherein technical and social scholarship are seldomly brought into a conversation. This is the first volume to address these themes through a comprehensive and cross-disciplinary approach. With the intent of exploring the question ‘what is at stake with the use of automation in international conflict in cyberspace through AI?’, the chapters in the volume focus on three broad themes, namely: (1) technical and operational, (2) strategic and geopolitical and (3) normative and legal. These also constitute the three parts in which the chapters of this volume are organised, although these thematic sections should not be considered as an analytical or a disciplinary demarcation

Artificial intelligence and international conflict in cyberspace: Exploring three sets of issues

What is at stake with the use of automation in international conflict in cyberspace through AI? This introductory chapter outlines the main themes, objectives, and rationale of the volume with the ambition of delineating a comprehensive perspective on the relationship between AI and international conflict in cyberspace. It does so by introducing the three sets of issues around which the volume has been organised: (1) technical and operational, (2) strategic and geopolitical, and (3) normative and legal. By highlighting the main debates for each of these issues, this chapter also contextualises the volume’s contributions into broader debates about challenges and opportunities brought by AI technology. In so doing, the chapter argues that only by understanding the relationship between AI and conflict in cyberspace as a comprehensive phenomenon and embedded in broader geopolitical conflicts, can the international community truly move forward with meaningful regulation. In its concluding part, this chapter also draws a state-of-the-art account of how the debate on emerging technologies, and AI specifically, has (not) evolved in the context of the recent multilateral processes at the United Nations (GGE and OEWG)

Catherine Pouzoulet, New York, New York, Espace, Pouvoir, Citoyenneté dans une ville‑monde.

Symbole de l’emprise économique des Etats‑Unis sur le monde, les tours jumelles du World Trade Center étaient aussi le symbole du statut de ville‑monde de la ville de New York et de l’insolente santé financière de son centre d’affaires à Manhattan. Rien de plus utile pour le comprendre que le livre de Catherine Pouzoulet, New York, New York, qui en décortiquant des décennies de politiques publiques, démontre avec talent comment la logique de marché a présidé à l’élaboration des priorités gest..

Les enjeux géopolitiques du cyberespace

Douzet Frédérick. Les enjeux géopolitiques du cyberespace. In: NETCOM : Réseaux, communication et territoires / Networks and Communication Studies, vol. 11 n°1, mai 1997. Symposium “Impact of Information Technology” IGU CONGRESS (I) pp. 181-216